THE DEVIATED SIDES OF CHANGED SOCIETY

THE DEVIATED SIDES OF CHANGED SOCIETY

  By: Acharya Chandra

Translated By: Keshar Nepal

It is the glory, dignity and to be frank, the existence and identity of we all Nepali that we have been known as the great ‘Gurkhali’ in the world fascinated with the scientific revolution, peace, flash of the ocean of good governance, natural beauty and the picture of extreme pleasure, pulsation of the overall human values and multiethnic, multilingual and multi-religious Nepal decorated with the debate of secularism. Our Nepal, well known as great Gurkhali’s, taken this form because of the presence of our great ancestors’ revolutionary efforts throughout their life raising the voices for the establishment of undivided state, is the throb of every Nepali. It will not be exaggeration to say that those great heroes, revolutionary hearts, life scarifying smiles, the revolutionary activities for the establishment of integration, betterment of the country and great sons are the outcomes of the world, well illuminated with the post-modernism. Great heroes of Nepali revolution, a prudent personality, future ensurer of deviated Nepali, his majesty Prithivi Narayan Shah had called Nepal the common garden of all regardless of ethnicity and races. Further, those great sons Balavadra Kuwar, Bhakti Thapa, Amar Singh Thapa to name some, who sacrified their blooming life in defending the native land from enemy, seem to be the hearts of the nation who made it clear that our existence has been spread worldwide with the revolutionary voices of Nala-Paani. They, moreover, got success to defend Nepal from American imperialism and Indian Expansionism. They have brought it in its position now. Could we get chance to do pride and get the experience of artificial scene within our natural beauty if Prithivi Narayan Shah did not integrate the Baaise and Chaubise states? Let’s think about the situation if Bhakti Thapa, Balabhadra Kuwar, Amar Singh Thapa, great heroes, did not defend the enemy and made the field bloody. Similarly, could our national flag, our identity, wave on the peak of Mt. Everest? Again, our Nepali voices, mysterious smiles, lingual voices, religious thankfulness, madal and murchunga and could we keep on touch with these things along with the really heart touching sweat melody of flute?

Unfortunately!

Dynamic, is the time. Along with the dynamism of time, human minds, blooming voices, heart touching dreams etc. have also been changing. Wills and desires of the human beings are changing within a minute along with the pace of the time. Being named as revolution, the identity and existence of our country have been deteriorated. It seems to be the worthless falling flower of Simal. This undivided nation, the output of great Sons’ scarification, has been broken into parts in the name of ethnicity and cast. The bond relation of brotherhood has been broken down with the slogan of ethnicity. To be frank, the knife blade has been experienced as the attack to brotherhood being favoured of ethnicity as races. The undivided nationality has been rapped and it is the most serious matter that how the foreign activities have been felt upon our national integration???

Now, our country is in the transitional phase. One Nepali does not recognize other Nepali. Each others’ conflict has been increased. The tortures on Nepali society have been added one by one. Historical accords have been violated within a minute. The rising suns of the dalits, disadvantaged and marginalized people have been becoming fresh. The more painful matter is that the Nepali virginity has been disregarded from us. The country has been wrapped in the home war. In such torture and deviated sides Nepal and Nepali have been puzzled.

It has fully been carnaged, the storm of home war has already been started. News about racial conflict has been spreading. Especially, foreign conspiracy has been increased on the matter of national integration. It has been discussed about the vulturous vision on our Nepali land in the international markets. Heavenly spaces fascinated with the natural beauties of undivided beautiful nation have been spent. Government has been changing within a minute. National property has been misused. Those who are in access have been benefited in pretending of nation blaming and rebuking each others. National barn has already been wormed. Because of the conspiracy of politics, national economy has been hollow. Instead of settling it down, the leaders are encouraging for it. To be specific, the uniqueness has been found here in Nepal, not elsewhere.

Where is peace? The man is killing the man. Why not revolution here? Our country has been getting weaker and weaker. Why not revolution here against the international cruel suppression upon Nepali land? Why not revolution against the imperialists’ and expansionists’ debates about the division of Nepali Land???

Thee End

“परिवर्तित समाजका विचलित मोडहरु”

आचार्य चन्द्र

वीर गोर्खालीले परिचित वैज्ञानिक क्रान्तिले सुसज्जित विश्वमा शान्ति सुशासनको महासागरीय स्पन्दन, प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यता अनि चरम आनन्दको प्रतिमूर्ति, सार्वभौम मानवीय मूल्यको स्पन्दन त्यस्तै बहु जातिय, बहु भाषिय, बहु धार्मिक त्यसमा पनि धर्म निरपेक्षताको बहसले सुसज्जित नेपाल आमा हामी सम्पूर्ण नेपालीको सान, गौरव अझै भनौ त हाम्रो अस्तित्व र परिचय पनि हो । हिजोका ति वीर गोर्खाली महापूरुषहरुले जिन्दगीको हरेक मोडहरुमा क्रान्तिकारी कदमहरु अझै त्यसमा राष्ट्रप्रेमी आवाजहरु वुलन्द गर्दै अखण्ड राज्यको स्थापना गरी वीर गोर्खालीको नामले परिचित हाम्री नेपाल आमा  प्रत्येक नेपालीको ढुकढुकी पनि त हो । ति महान नायकहरु, क्रान्तिकारी हृदयहरु, जीवन त्याग गर्ने बलिदानि मुस्कानहरु, अखण्ड राज्यको लागि भएका क्रान्तिकारी कदमहरु, मातृभूमिको मुहारमा खाई नखाई हाँसो छर्ने ति बलिदानि वीरंगनाहरु अझै भनौ त ति महान सपूतहरु आजको यस उत्तरआधुनिक वादले झकिझकाउ स्वर्णिम संसारको उपज भन्दा दुईमत नहोला । नेपाली क्रान्तिका महानायक, एक दुरदर्शी व्यक्तित्व, विचलित नेपाली ढुकढुकीहरुको भविष्य सुनिस्चित गर्ने महान वीर सपूत उनै श्री ५ वडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले चार जात छत्तीस वर्णको फूलवारी भनी स्थापित गरेको यो राज्य त्यसैगरी अमेरिकी साम्राज्यवाद र भारतीय विस्तारवादका विरुद्ध आफ्नो देशको अस्तित्व वचाउन, नेपाली आमाको चेहरामा मन्द मुस्कान सुम्पन, आजको नेपाल अधिराज्यको स्थापना गर्न  अझै भनौ त नेपाली ढुकढुकीहरुको रक्षा गर्न आफ्नो कलकलाउँदो फक्रिरहेको अनि फूलिरहेको स्वर्णिम जीवन शत्रुहरुको वम र वारुद त वैरीहरुको तोपको ढाल वनि मातृभूमिको रक्षा गर्न जीवन आहुती दिने ति महान वीरपूरुषहरु वलभद्र कुँवर, भक्ति थापा, अमर सिहं थापा जस्ता यो देशका शाहसी धड्कनहरुको त्यो नालापानीको रक्तिम आवाजले हाम्रो अस्तित्वलाई विश्वसामू स्पष्ट पारेको छर्लङ्घ देखिन्छ । हिजो पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले वाईसे चौबीसे राज्यलाई एकीकरण नगरेको भए, भक्ति थापा, वलभद्र कुँवर, अमर सिंह थापा जस्ता महान वीर पूरुषहरु शत्रुको ढाल वनि नेपाली माटो नरङ्घिएको भए के आज हामी शीर ठाडो पारेर गर्वका साथ हाम्रो प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यता अनि त्यसभित्रको कृतिम रंगमञ्चीय दृष्यहरुको स्वाद बटुल्न पाउँथ्यौ होला त ? त्यस्तै सगरमाथाको चुचुरोमा हाम्रो राष्ट्रियताको प्रतिक नेपाली पहिचान राष्ट्रिय झण्डा विश्व सामु फहराउँथ्यो होला त ? अनि हाम्रा नेपाली आवाजहरु, मन्द मुस्कानहरु, भाषिक स्वरहरु, धार्मिक कृतज्ञताहरु मादल र मुर्चुङ्गा अनि वाँसुरीको हृदयस्पर्शी धुनसगै स्पर्श गर्न पाउँथ्यौ होला त ?

अपसोच् !

समय परिवर्तित छ, परिवर्तित समय सगँसगै मानव मस्तिष्कहरु, वुलन्द आवाजहरु, मर्मस्पर्शी हृदयका सपनाहरु परिवर्तित भइरहेका छन् । समयको वेग सँगै मानवीय इच्छा र चाहनाहरु क्षण भरमै परिवर्तित हुदैछन् । क्रान्तिका नाउँमा नेपाली अस्तित्व सिमलको फूलझै लत्रिएर वेकम्मा भएर उड्दैछ । वीरहरुले जीवनको आहुती दिएर सजिएको यो अखण्ड राष्ट्र जातीयताका नाउँमा धुजा धुजा हुदैछ । भाईचाराले मन्त्रोमुग्ध सम्बन्ध जातीयताका नाराले चुडिदैछ । जातीयताका नाउँमा भाईचारा माथि खुकुरीको धार बर्सदैछ । अखण्ड राष्ट्रियताको बलत्कार हुँदैछ अझै मार्मिक कुरा त राष्ट्रिय अखण्डता माथि विदेशी चलखेल बढ्दै छ, किन ???

आज देश सङ्क्रमणकालमा गुज्रिरहेको छ, एक नेपालीले अर्को नेपालीलाई चिन्न छाडीसकेको छ,आपसी कलह बढ्दैछ, एक–एक गर्दै नेपाली समाजका पीडाहरु दिन प्रतिदिन थपिदैछन्, ऐतिहासिक सम्झौताहरु क्षणभरमै तोडिदैछन्, विकासका झुल्के घामहरु नजरवन्दमा छन्, दलित, उत्पीडन र अपहेलितका चोटहरु झन आलाकाचाँ वन्दै गईरहेका छन्, अझै दुःखदायी कुरा त नेपाली अस्मिता हामीहरु माझवाट अपहरित हुदैछ, देश गृह युद्धमा लपेटीँदैछ यस्तै–यस्तै पीडा र विचलित मोडहरुमा नेपाल र नेपाली तहसनहस भैरहेछ ।

देश पुरै रक्तपातमय वन्दैछ, गृह युद्धको आँधीवेहरी सुरुभईसकेको छ, ठाउँ–ठाउँमा जातीय दङ्गा भएको समाचार आईरहेछ बिशेषतः राष्ट्रिय अखण्डता माथि विदेशी चलखेल बढिरहेछ, अन्तराष्ट्रिय बजारहरुमा नेपाली भूमिमाथिको गिद्धे नजरका वारेमा बहस हुँदैछ, अखण्ड सौन्दर्य नेपाल भूमिका विभिन्न प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यताले झकिझकाउ स्वर्गीय स्थलहरु अन्तराष्ट्रिय बजारहरुमा मोलतोल गरी भागवन्डा हुदैछ ।

उता संविधान वनाउने होडवाजीमा वर्षौ वितिसकेको छ । क्षण–क्षणमा सरकार परिवर्तन भईरहेको छ । राष्ट्रिय सम्पत्तिको दुरुपयोग भईरहेको छ । देश विकासका नाउँमा पहुँचहरुको भरणपोषण भईरहेको छ । आरोप प्रत्यारोपमा अमूल्य समय वर्वाद हुदैछ । राष्ट्रिय ढुकुटिमा धमीरा लागीसकेको छ । देशको अर्थतन्त्र राजनैतीक षड्यन्त्रले खोक्रो भईसकेको छ त्यस्तै मलमपट्टी गर्नुपर्ने मोडहरुमा नेतृत्व पंत्तिवाटै आगोमा घिउ थप्ने कुकार्य भईरहेछ । अझै भनौ त कँहि नभएको जात्रा हाँडी गाउँमा भनेझै भईरहेछ ।

खै कहाँ छ शान्ति यहाँ मानवले मानवकै हत्या गरिरहेछ । किन हुन्छ क्रान्ति यहाँ देश झन् झन् दर्दनाक वन्दै गईरहेछ । किन क्रान्ति गरिन्न यहाँ नेपाली भूमि माथि हुँदै गरेका अन्तराष्ट्रिय क्रूर दमन अनि नेपाली भूमिको भागवन्डा भईरहेका ती साम्राज्यवाद र विस्तारवादका बहसहरु माथि ???

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GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THESIS PROPOSAL

Research and Proposals

GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THESIS PROPOSAL

1. Proposed Title of the Thesis: The title should be a short phrase that indicates your issue and standpoint. Make sure that you can define the key terms and justify the claim implied in the title. After you find an area of interest and narrow it down to a subject, you should again narrow down the subject to a topic. The title must be focused and specific, and re-searchable: it should answer some of the following questions:

a. Are there sufficient published sources of information on this topic?
b. Does this topic require research in a variety of sources, especially standard published material? If it needs only experience and personal opinion, it is not re-searchable.
c. Will the objective evaluation of sources and your analysis of the issue/ text lead to defensible conclusion?
d. Is the topic suitable for the available time and material, and the required length (say 50-100 pages)?

2. Introduction: Introduce the text or issue that you intend to research by saying what it is basically about; but do it in such a way that the very first sentence indicates your way of looking at it: introduce it from the viewpoint of your hypothesis. Because you normally take up a text on which there is some literature, the best idea is to begin by contextualizing the ‘issue’ you want to research: introduce your issue in the background of existing (available) body of knowledge on it. Remember that you rarely ever make an entirely original ‘research’ for MA thesis. Even if the text/ issue is relatively a new one, draw the reader’s attention towards the problem and perspective you will focus on and adopt in the light of the common parlance that most readers would take. In any case, in the very first paragraph of your proposal, introduce the problem and try to indicate your standpoint as you introduce the text.

For instance, you have felt or found that Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is not just a colonial story but an archetypal and allegorical journey into Everyman’s unconscious, a quest for conquering and understanding others which turns out to be an ironic quest in which the main character encounters and understands his own animal self. You see that the so-called problem of ‘colonial quest’ is more significantly, if more broadly, human being’s ever-repeating or archetypal quest for learning and conquering the world and other people, which ironically turns out to be a shocking revelation, especially to the civilized man in this case.

Now, you may begin by claiming that though Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is almost always considered as a story of the colonial mission and just that, quite another problem (your problem) is by far a more important one for a proper understanding of the text (or a particular issue in it). Then, you may also claim early on that the commonly discussed problem of ‘quest’ should be analyzed and understood from a psycho-philosophical perspective. Indicate what you aim to explore.

Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness tells the story of a white man named Kurtz who turns out to be a savage after living in the hinterlands of Congo. Most critics have emphasized how Marlowe, another white man, learns a lesson about how the ‘civilized’ colonizer is vulnerable to same human weakness of being inhuman when they are in the ‘savage’ situation. But, the quest and the illumination of Marlowe, as the narrator of the story tries to convey to us, should be seen as a quest into man’s inner self. In order to understand the central problem of the vaguely defined ‘quest’ more properly, it is necessary to look at it from a psycho-philosophical perspective and understand it as an archetypal-allegorical quest of the human race, which they begin with some ideal purpose and end with an ironic revelation about their own innate and invincible inhumanity, their animal instinct.

3. Statement of Problem: After you have introduced the problem and your perspective, raise the issue more critically and also clarify your perspective. The Statement of Problem is a critical introduction and problematization of the issue that you have found and which you want to research. After you tell the reader what the text is about, you should not only say what the writer/ text says but also state clearly what you think it must be understood as. This means that by problematizing an issue in the text, you should go on to say from what perspective you will to look at the problem, and what you intend to justify. In the Statement of Problem, you may do the following things: After having introduced the text, the problem and your perspective in the first section, now you may discuss the ‘problem’ more critically.

Marlowe’s journey into Congo is on its surface one that is made by a ‘civilized’ man into the heart of a country of the so-called savages. Mr. Kurtz, who has allegedly "civilized" the natives and brought them education, is enshrined by the Belgians as a being of supreme intellectual power and the principal representative of the forces of civilization in the Congo. But in the course of time, he has begun to demand worship from the natives while he instigates and partakes in unspeakably savage rites. By seeing this change of Kurtz, Marlow recognizes the decay and corruption of colonial imperialists. He sees how corruptible even the civilized man is. His ideals irrevocably corrupted, Kurtz's soul – not Africa – is the true heart of darkness. In other words, Charlie Marlow's voyage into the depths of the "Dark Continent" parallels his voyage into the heart of an immense darkness, into the collective unconsciousness of the human race. The voyage for learning about the exotic lands and the dangerous savages becomes a descent into an underworld of the universal savagery of all human beings.

But as you do so, you should give sufficient (though not elaborate) evidence for your claim. That is, say on what ground you are making your claim, or on what ground you will prove it. Also indicate your focus and delimitation.

Conrad universalizes the nature and process of corruption of Kurtz, and the way he makes Marlowe’s quest symbolize the archetypal human quest that ends in self-knowledge. Conrad uses a variety of techniques to imbue his narrative, like a parable, with a quality of universality. The technique of the narrative frame, while looking like the medieval tale-telling strategy, allows the narrator to be a distant observer of events he had witnessed. And because the tale is related by an anonymous narrator who identifies so strongly with Marlow, the two characters’ identities merge. Conrad's highly charged and sometimes poetic language, clearly hints at the effect of exterior setting upon the interior landscape of the soul. His journey symbolizes every human being’s quest for knowledge, and therefore, he comes to. Similarly, as Marlowe gradually comes to take Kurtz more seriously – as representing all corruptible human beings – we see that the story is not a superficial indictment of the western man. Marlowe accepts that everyone of us are bound to accept the veil of Maya, the garb of social manner, and some mendacity, in order to sustain what we call civilization.

Why does Conrad charge the voyage with several symbolic meanings? Why is Marlowe made to eventually sympathize with Kurtz? The present will justify that Marlowe understands and sympathizes with the savage inside man because he finally understands and accepts the indomitable animal force in men, including the civilized ones.

You may even state your objective here, because there is no separate “Purpose of the Study” or “Aim of the Study” section.

In the proposed thesis work, I intend to analyze the quest of Marlowe from a psychological and philosophical standpoint by studying the language and plot, characterization and symbolism in the text. I intend to justify that Marlowe’s quest is a archetypal and universal quest for knowledge and conquest of the world which normally turns into an exploration into the inner self of oneself.

4. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is a claim (and in some other kinds of researches, a question) that should be put into just one sentence if possible. The hypothesis is the heart of the research paper. Your research will be a study and documentation for justifying the claim made by this hypothesis. All the facts and research you put in your paper will have to relate to your hypothesis. A good hypothesis is more than just fact: it is an educated opinion about a subject.

Fact: Conrad is a writer of great significance.

Educated opinion: Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is an allegory of man’s quest for knowledge which turns out to be an exploration into man’s self.

Educated opinion: Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is a story of the western man’s ironic journey of knowledge into his own instinctual savagery, but this problematic should also be seen as a universal phenomenon about human nature and civilization.

Educated opinion: Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is a bold indictment against the white man’s colonial mission to civilize the oriental man.

This hypothesis is in reality the summary of the whole thesis in one sentence. It should be focused, but fully explained and supported in the length of your thesis. If you choose a hypothesis that is too broad, your paper will be weak. If it is too narrow, you will not have sufficient things to say. The hypothesis should:

make a claim that you will and can justify: state a problem or issue that is worth exploring and researching

indicate the perspective from which you will look at the problem, and solve it suggest a focus or delimit the issue that you will study and write upon Joseph Conrad’s classic Heart of Darkness is an allegory of man’s quest into his own basic savage self, and so Marlowe’s journey into Africa should be analyzed as a philosophical and psychological quest that enlightens him with the ultimate truth about the essential human nature.

5. Literature Review: Provide an adequate literature review in order to highlight your issue and to give information on the subject. Your review of literature is not just a collection of quotations from critics. A review must take either a stance of critical disagreement with existing assessment(s) of the subject, or it may claim for a shift of emphasis or perspective. You must review the major critics from the viewpoint of your own hypothesis. After you have discussed several critical perspectives in the issue, you may like to say that they are incorrect, insufficient in their understanding, just tangential, or that they have not centralized the important issue that you are trying to explore. The proposal is a document where your efficacy for accurate documentation is tested, so you should make sure that you cite sources properly.

6.  Methodology: The method of the most common type research paper which is to be based on textual analysis will be on the method of library research. So here, you may mention this obvious side of the methodology section – that you will consult libraries and authentic websites, read books on relevant theoretical perspectives and on the writer and the selected text, consult the supervisor, develop critical tools in the discussion and apply them in the text in the analysis section, and so on. But, besides that obvious information about the mode of your research, you should also stipulate what particular of theoretical/ critical framework you will develop for looking at and analyzing the text or issue. In this section, you should tell what you want to achieve or justify and how. This could also be the place in the proposal for defining your terminology and discussing your perspective. This means that you will do these things in the ‘methodology’ section.

What mode of research you will follow,

What materials you will use,

What theoretical perspectives you will borrow,

What critical tools you will develop,

What you will accomplish and how,

What you will focus on: what you will actually include and what you will only study.

7. Bibliography/ Works to be Cited: The bibliography may include materials that you plan to read as well as those that you have quoted in the proposal or read while developing it. You may also include materials that are not available to you at the moment but you will need to find and read sooner or later to write your thesis. In the bibliography, you may include not only books that are written upon the text that you want to research/ analyze, but also books about the writer (if they do have something to say about your issue in the selected text) and books on the theory and perspective that you will develop (if they will throw light on how to look at and deal with the problem you have raised).

The researcher should prepare a bibliography to avoid the charge of plagiarism in the research paper. It should include four categories of listings:
a) Existing materials that a researcher has read
b) Existing materials that a researcher plans to read
c) Material that is available to him, and
d) Material that is not available to a researcher but he will need sooner or later to write is thesis.

Suggestions:
All text must be in Times New Roman, font size 12.
All titles, including thesis title, must be in bold face and should be left-aligned (not centered).
The whole text must be double spaced.
(You may leave one line space before a title.)
Leave one-inch margin on all four sides of the page.

The title should be a phrase, and not a sentence or clause; you may use a colon for focus or elaboration.
The hypothesis should be very precise (just one or two sentences).
The statement of problem should also be precise (This may be 1-3 short paragraphs).
The critical review of literature should include sufficient coverage of existing literature on the text/ issue. (This may also be 2-5 paragraphs, depending on how many areas of criticism you cover).
The methodology may be one or more paragraphs, giving one paragraph each for raising one issue or discussing one category of critics.
The ideal length of the proposal is 5 pages.
Proper in-text citation is essential.
The work cited/ bibliography must be in the standard MLA format.

Sample:

Eliot, T. S. “Tradition and Individual Talent”: Essays on the Creation of Knowledge. Ed. Shreedhar P.  Lohani et. al.

 Kathmandu: Ekta Books, 1998.

Mechanics of Writing

    The goal of mechanics of writing is to make the writing precise and grammatically correct. It is directed to make the writing systematic and being concerned about how to be correct in spelling, punctuation, italics and so on. The mechanics of writing are the rules that must be followed while preparing research paper so that the research strategies and the format becomes systematic and consistent in all academic sectors. If one does not follow or if there are no such rules of writing then the writing would be certainly very difficult.

 The important factors in mechanics of writing are:
1) Spelling
2) Punctuation
3) Italics (underlying)
4) Names of persons
5) Titles of works in the research paper
6) Quotations
7) Capitalization and personal names

1) Spelling: Spelling in the research work should be consistent, clean and correct expert in a quotations. The spelling in quotation must be the original whether correct or incorrect. If we have to divide any words, we should not do so at the end of the line. If the word does not fit there, we should leave the space and bring the words in the next line.

2) Punctuation: The purpose of punctuation is to bring clarity in writing and to make it comprehensible. Punctuation clarifies sentence structure, separating some words and grouping others. It adds meaning to written words and guides for readers to understand as they move through sentences.
Commas, full stops, semicolons, colons, dashes and parenthesis, hyphens, apostrophes, quotation marks and exclamation point all serve the function of punctuation and one should take account of all these marks while writing research works.

3) Italics (underlining): In research papers and manuscripts submitted for publication, words that would be italicized in print are usually underlined. In general we should underline foreign words used in an English text. The name of the book in which a person is doing research is always italicized.

3) Names of Persons: Generally a researcher should state a person’s name in a text of his or her research paper fully, accurately and exactly as it appears in the original source. For example Martin Luther King, Jr. should be used as it is not as only Martin Luther.
Researcher must not use formal tittles in referring to men as women, living or dead, such as Prof. Devkota. Dr. Sangita. Instead of it, the researcher should only write Devkota, Sangita and so on.

4) Titles of works in the Research Paper: Title of the publication works in the research paper should be cited form the title page not form the cover page.
    For capitalizing titles, one should capitalize the first words, the last words, the words and the principal words, the last words and the principal words in both titles and sub-titles. Generally title of the works must be underlined or italicized. Title of the names of books, pamphlets, periodicals, films, radio and television programs etcetera should be underlined if hand written or italicized if printed in the research paper.
    Titles of the names of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, chapters of book and so on should be put with in quotation marks. The same is for the case of unpublished work, such as lectures and speeches.

5) Quotations: Only the most important words, phrases, lines and passages should be quoted in the research paper as briefly as possible. The researcher should put them with in quotation mark if they are three lines or less than three lines. If a quotation runs to make than four lines, it should be put under indent.

Thesis Statements

    Thesis statement is a single sentence that formulates both the topic and the point of view. In a sense, it is the answer to the central question or problem the research has raised. Thesis statement will enable one to see where one is heading and to remain in a productive path as one plans and writes.

    There are two important factors that shape a thesis statement viz. purpose and audience. One should keep in the mind the purpose are likes to achieve and the research the appropriate point of view. Thesis statement helps the readers to get in to what is being said about a subject. The thesis statement is usually a single sentence that declares the main idea of the writers. It operates the reader to know w the most important, general idea among other idea and observations included to strengthen argument of the writer. It is like a focal point of a picture.

    Most writers place their thesis statement early in the essay so that the readers will get a better insight in to their motives and thing being talked about. They open with thesis statements to orient, particularly if they are talking about a new and difficult subject. A thesis statement placed at the beginning enables the readers to anticipate the content and more early understand the relationship between various ideas and details, included having a sense of control over the subject.

Plagiarism

    Equivalent to Latin word “Plagiarus” is Plagiarism in English. The Latin word “Plagiorus” means kidnapper, but Plagiarism as a term used in academia refers to type of cheating that has been defined by Alexander Lindey. According to Lindey Plagiarism is the false assumption of authorship; the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind and presenting it as one’s own. From this definition we came to the point that plagiarism is to use other person’s ideas or expressions in one’s writing without acknowledging the source. It is an intellectual theft as well as moral and ethical offense rather than a legal one. Most of the cases of plagiarism fall out of the copyright violence.

    Plagiarism is a result of lack of creativity and sincerity. It is a short cut way chosen by immature and uncritical writing to gain fame. Plagiarism in student writing is often unintentional as when small pupil of nursery class copies his assignment word by word from another source. But when it comes to high school and research conducting students, it is taken as a serious crime. In such condition, students can be expelled from the educational institution and authors who are changed of plagiarism may lose job and have to face public embarrassment too.